Further mechanistic studies have found that treatment with TMZ promoted cardiac Nrf2 expression, indicating that TMZ enhanced the clearance of oxidative stress by activating the GSH system through the Nrf2 signaling pathway [210]
However, no significant amounts of NAC-derived glutathione were detected in the blood plasma
Mitochondrial glutamate generated via these catabolic pathways can be exported from mitochondria to the cytosol through the SLC25A18 and SLC25A22 transporters 21 , and cytosolic glutamate then participates in the biosynthesis of glutathionea tripeptide comprising glutamate, cysteine, and glycineand NEAAs (alanine, proline, aspartate, asparagine, and arginine) and is used as an exchange factor for importing extracellular cystine via SLC7A11
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Xie J, Yang Y, Zhuo A, Gao M, Tang L, Xiao Y, et al
At high nutrient and ATP levels, AMPK activity is inhibited, and mTORC1 phosphorylates ULK1 and ATG13L of the autophagy-activating protein complex and thus suppresses autophagy [267, 268]