Endogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor and Glucose-Dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor signaling inhibits Aeroallergen-Induced innate airway inflammation
The proposed mechanisms of these peptides map onto that physiology, but their clinical effects should still be discussed with appropriate hedging

Last reviewed: November 16, 2025 Last reviewed: November 16, 2025 Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is FDA-licensed for use in ages 5 years through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older mNexspike (Moderna) is FDA-licensed for use in ages 12 through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older Nuvaxovid (Sanofi-Novavax) is FDA-licensed for use in ages 12 through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older Spikevax (Moderna) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is FDA-licensed for use in ages 6 months through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older Although the FDA licenses are limited in the age group younger than 65 years to those with underlying conditions that put them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection, the ACIP has recommended use based on individual decision-making (i.e., shared clinical decision-making) for all people age 6 months and older

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These signals serve to recruit monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils, and T-helper cells (Th1 and Th17) to the inflammatory niche (167, 168)
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