NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine) replenishes glutathione as it can directly scavenge free radicals
Because glutathione works by inhibiting melanin production, it's commonly used to gradually improve the appearance of melasma and other forms of hyperpigmentation over a course of treatments
[PMID: 17478491] PubMed record related to this compound for laboratory literature review
In the dynamic interaction between immune effector cells and tumor cells, carnitine can confer resistance to immune cell killing to tumor cells through carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 A (CPT1A)-mediated FAO [64]
AOD 9604, in contrast, targets fat breakdown through lipolysis
Furthermore, NADPH is replenished by the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/IDH2) branch of the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), malic enzyme (ME1), and one-carbon metabolism (such as the folate cycle) depending on cell type or nutritional status