The appropriate choice depends on individual health goals, risk factors, contraindications, and preferences regarding the balance between potential benefits and side effect profiles
Each time a needle penetrates the vial stopper, there's a risk of contamination and pressure differential that can introduce air
Red blood cell counts rising after beginning B12 injections is a clear sign that the treatment is effective
While you can get B12 from food, some people have a tough time absorbing it through their diet
It's a water-soluble vitamin your body needs to produce energy, build red blood cells, and keep your nervous system firing correctly

Groups at increased risk of B12 deficiency include: Vegans and strict vegetarians , who avoid all animal products and are at significant risk without supplementation or fortified foods Older adults , in whom reduced stomach acid production impairs B12 absorption People with pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition that destroys intrinsic factor-producing cells Those who have undergone gastric surgery , including bariatric procedures, which can reduce intrinsic factor availability Individuals taking long-term metformin for type 2 diabetes, as this medication is associated with reduced B12 absorption the MHRA has issued specific safety advice on monitoring B12 levels in this group [6] [7] People with conditions affecting the small intestine , such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease Symptoms of B12 deficiency can include fatigue, weakness, pins and needles, memory difficulties, and a sore or inflamed tongue (glossitis)