It is not a drug, food, or cosmetic, and must not be misbranded, misused, or mislabeled as such
Deficiencies can occur with medical conditions such as atrophic gastritis (which causes thinning of the stomach lining), pernicious anaemia, Crohns disease, celiac disease, lupus, or other immune system disorders and certain medications
Similarly, patients with MDD also had decreased relative abundance of the genera Coprococcus and Faecalibacterium compared to non-depressed individuals in a meta-analysis by Sanada et al
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October 2025