In 2002, Barluzzi et al
Activation of an H 2 O 2 -generating NADH oxidase in human lung fibroblasts by transforming growth factor beta 1
However, in cases of severe nutrient malabsorption and pernicious anemia, injections are more efficient at correcting the deficiency
Interestingly, studies have shown that the antioxidant activity of this compound has a circadian rhythm, having antioxidant properties when it is in the dark but pro-oxidant properties when it is in the light (Zhou et al., 2021)
Individual response times can vary based on symptom severity, inflammatory burden, and overall health status
Animal research and scarce human studies confirm these findings, showing that disruptions in microbiota composition or metabolite profiles can induce anxiety-like behaviors via MGBA (Cai et al., 2025)