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Peptides are short chains of amino acids , the same building blocks that form proteins but shorter and more targeted in function

During deep sleep: Growth hormone secretion peaks, driving tissue repair and muscle recovery The brains glymphatic system clears metabolic waste products, including proteins associated with neurodegeneration Cortisol levels reach their daily minimum, allowing the adrenal system to reset Immune function regenerates Cellular repair mechanisms run at maximum efficiency Most adults spend less time in deep sleep than optimal, and this deficit increases with age, stress, alcohol consumption, and certain medications

Access this article Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations [Ca 2+ ] c : Intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration CM-H 2 DCFDA: 5-(and-6)-Chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester ER: Endoplasmic reticulum Fura-2-AM: Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester GSH: Reduced glutathione GSSG: Oxidized glutathione HBSS: Hanks balanced salts HPSCs: Human pancreatic stellate cells H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide ROS: Reactive oxygen species RPSCs: Rat pancreatic stellate cells SERCA: Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase Tps: Thapsigargin -sma: Alpha-smooth muscle actin References Acua-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Venegas C, Daz-Casado ME, Lima-Cabello E, Lpez LC, Rosales-Corral S, Tan DX, Reiter RJ (2014) Extrapineal melatonin: sources, regulation, and potential functions

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Cells exposed to 1% DMSO for 10 minutes or 100 m H 2 O 2 for 15 minutes at 37 C were used as a positive control