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food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a "percent of daily value" (%DV)
Vitamin B12 is absorbed through the digestive tract
BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic peptide composed of 15 amino acids (sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val), with a molecular weight of approximately 1,419 Daltons
References Below are the direct links to the studies, articles, and resources mentioned throughout this article
The Tier 2 supplements include: Vitamin B12 (when serum B12 is below my threshold) Folate (when serum folate or red cell folate is low) Iron (when iron studies show depletion or frank anaemia) Vitamin A (when serum retinol is low) Thiamine (B1) (when whole blood thiamine is low) Vitamin B6 (when PLP is low) Calcium citrate (guided by calcium, vitamin D, and clinical context) Selenium (when selenium is low, more common in post-bariatric patients) The principle is that I do not add these reflexively