The article discusses the pharmacokinetic challenges peptides face, such as low oral bioavailability due to poor membrane permeability and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract
Because a reduction of glutathione levels in cells has been found to increase the risks for diseases and poisoning, direct intravenous injection of glutathione has been used to treat patients with chronic liver diseases and poisoning [8, 9]
Nature 593 , 607611 (2021)
Science of the Total Environment, 807 , Article 150817
GHK-Cu: Minimal side effects reported
Separately, in 2026 the FDA and HHS signaled moving several peptides, including injectable GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500, toward a compounding-eligible category