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Depending on stimuli, microglia can adopt distinct phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory state (induced by lipopolysaccharide and characterized by production of cytokines such as TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6) and the M2 anti-inflammatory state (induced by IL-4 or IL-13, promoting repair) [122, 123]

Mihai M-M, Blceanu-Guru B, Holban AM et al (2025) Promising antimicrobial activities of essential oils and probiotic strains on chronic wound bacteria

Horm Res

Rachot Vachathrone, MD

Conjugation of cysteine and its derivatives (including NAC) to polymers (hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, polyesters, polyurethanes, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylic acid), polycarbophil, and carboxymethyl cellulose) significantly increased their tissue adhesion, particularly mucoadhesion, stability at physiological pH, drug encapsulation efficiency, drug release, and drug permeation

Less studied is the observation that fibroblasts from AD patients show altered expression of EAAT1 amino acid transporter, with the degree of alteration correlating with dementia severity [555]