Mechanisms and management of antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Maintenance Methylcobalamin can be injected one to three times per week
A gut hormone that slows digestion, reduces appetite, and improves blood sugar
Decreased stomach acid Atrophic gastritis Autoimmune pernicious anaemia Helicobacter pylori Gastrectomy, partial or complete Gastric bypass surgery (weight loss) Intestinal resection Partial or complete ileectomy Gastrointestinal neoplasms Malnutrition Eating disorders anorexia bulimia Inadequate diet Vegetarianism / veganism Malabsorption syndromes Alcoholism Crohns disease Coeliac disease (gluten enteropathy) Dipphyllobothrium infection blind loop syndrome diverticulosis inflammatory bowel disease small bowel overgrowth tropical sprue gastric irradiation ileal irradiation (bladder,cervix, uterus,prostate) Inborn errors of B12 metabolism Transcobalamin II deficiency Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency & Chronic pancreatitis Imerslund Gresbeck syndrome Zollinger Ellison Syndrome Bacterial overgrowth (small bowel) Fish tapeworm Advanced liver disease Drug induced causes Please note

Injectable versions of semaglutide may also affect the absorption of other medications taken orally, including over-the-counter aspirin and allergy medications
Topical and Nasal AOD-9604 Topical and nasal forms appear in marketing, but the FDA review found no published human exposure data for transdermal or intranasal AOD-9604