Expression of GLP-1 receptor and CD26 in human thyroid C-cells: the association of thyroid C-cell tumorigenesis with incretin-based medicine
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Analytical verification typically includes mass spectrometry for molecular identity and chromatographic profiling for purity assessment
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From a pharmacological safety perspective, the adverse effect profile of retatrutide based on Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trial data (including the NEJM 2023 Phase 2 trial) includes: Gastrointestinal effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation (the most commonly reported side effects in trial participants) Injection site reactions: Redness, swelling, or discomfort at the injection site Cardiovascular effects: Increases in heart rate have been observed in trial participants [21] [22] Hypoglycaemia: Particularly relevant in individuals with diabetes or those taking insulin, sulfonylureas, or other glucose-lowering agents Potential thyroid effects: GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with thyroid C-cell changes in rodent studies
Columbia University School of International Affairs: associate professor, 1996-2002