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Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase ATP: adenosine triphosphate BMI: body mass index cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate DRG: dorsal root ganglion DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1R: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor GSK3: glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta Iba-1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 IBS: irritable bowel syndrome IIH: idiopathic intracranial hypertension IL-1: interleukin 1 IL-4: interleukin 4 IL-6: interleukin 6 IL-10: interleukin 10 LPS: lipopolysaccharide NF-B: nuclear factor-B NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate PD: Parkinsons disease PI3K/Akt: phosphoinositide 3kinase/serine-threonine kinase PKA: protein kinase A SERT: serotonin reuptake transporter SM: shanzhiside methyl ester TNF-: tumor necrosis factor alpha TEN: teneligliptin TPH-1: tryptophan hydroxylase-1 References Gribble FM, Reimann F (2021) Metabolic messengers: glucagon-like peptide 1
Lancet 349:17871792
According to StatPearls (NCBI), Crohns disease affects approximately 780,000 Americans, with peak incidence in the second and third decades of life
Hormonal management for melasma patients where indicated
GSH is an important endogenous ROS-scavenger and DAQ-detoxifier [5, 6, 153]
Research shows that obesity and depression have a bidirectional relationship
