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High ROS levels generated via endogenous (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], and NOXs) and exogenous sources (radiation, drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, and pollution) induce oxidative stress that is harmful to the host 46,47
However, over-supplementation or improper use can precipitate side effects
Methods Pre-registration The study protocol and analysis plan were pre-registered on Open Science Framework ( Design Data were collected via the Smoking and Alcohol Toolkit Study, a monthly cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of adults ( 16 years) in Great Britain (i.e
However, they also raise important compliance concerns
Material and methods: Not applicable
Multiple factors are involved in the ROS elevation, as intracellular ROS levels including H 2 O 2 are changed by various stresses and regulatory factors, and autophagy affects a wide range of molecules
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