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Glossary DR diabetic retinopathy NVU neurovascular unit BRB blood-retinal barrier IL-1 interleukin-1 TNF- tumor necrosis factor-alpha HC healthy controls T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus STING stimulator of interferon genes IL-10 interleukin-10 IL-22 interleukin-22 Tregs regulatory T cells TGF- transforming growth factor-beta IL-1 interleukin-1 beta IL-6 interleukin-6 IL-8 interleukin-8 IL-17 interleukin-17 IFN- interferon-gamma MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1 CD36 cluster of differentiation 36 VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor LPS lipopolysaccharide NLRP3 nod-like receptor protein 3 IL-18 interleukin-18 TLR4 toll-like receptor 4 MyD88 myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase JNK c-jun n-terminal kinase IKK ikB kinase IRS insulin receptor substrate SCFAs short-chain fatty acids CCL 2 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 CCL 8 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 CXCL 5 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 CXCL 8 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 CXCL 10 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 H4 histone H4 GPCRs G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 G protein-coupled receptor 41 GPR43 G protein-coupled receptor 43 BSH bile salt hydrolases TLR2 toll - like receptor 2 Th17 th17 - polarizing cytokines IL - 17 interleukin - 17 IL - 23 interleukin - 23 IL - 17A interleukin - 17A IL - 17R interleukin - 17 receptor FADD fas - associated death domain JAK/STAT Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription RPE retinal pigment epithelium IL-4 interleukin-4 mtDNA mitochondrial DNA RMECs retinal microvascular endothelial cells cGAS cyclic GMP-AMP synthase CXCL 12 C - X - C motif chemokine 12 CXCL1 C - X - C motif chemokine 1 RACs retinal astrocytes TUDCA tauroursodeoxycholic acid TGR5 G protein-coupled receptor 5 BAs bile acids TMAO trimethylamine N-oxide HRMECs human retinal microvascular endothelial cells ROS reactive oxygen species PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells ASC caspase recruitment domain SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 - GI alpha - glucosidase TCM traditional Chinese medicine SZ - A sangzhi total alkaloids tablets LTF luo tong fang CQLT compound qilian tablets APS astragalus polysaccharide Iba - 1 ionized calcium - binding adaptor molecule 1 FMT fecal microbiota transplantation References 1 WangRWangQYBaiYBiYGCaiSJ

Room temperature storage reduces shelf life to 3-6 months due to accelerated peptide bond hydrolysis

Exercise There is a lot of support for exercise in treating depression and anxiety

Every journey begins with a comprehensive metabolic assessment and consultation with Dr

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that over 38.4 million individuals, approximately 11.6% of the population, are currently living with diabetes [2]

Target: mid-range for age and sex, not above upper limit