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Under conditions of metabolic stress, it migrates to the cell nucleus, where it activates a suite of genes governed by AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), the master cellular energy sensor
Synaptic dysfunction in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases: An overview of induced pluripotent stem-cell-based disease models
Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy with and without sensory cell loss
Glutathione is often called the master antioxidant
In addition, glutamate can enhance the production of mtROS through opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and trigger dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and depletion of ATP [117, 118]
For instance, in mouse embryonic stem cells, targeted disruption of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, the predominant metabolic pathway for the generation of NADPH (a cofactor of GR), renders cells extremely sensitive to H 2 O 2 -induced cell death 34
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