Unlike most vitamins, B12 has a uniquely complex absorption pathway: Stomach acid and pepsin release B12 from food proteins B12 binds to R-proteins (haptocorrins) in saliva and stomach Pancreatic enzymes release B12 from R-proteins in the small intestine B12 binds to intrinsic factor (produced by gastric parietal cells) The B12-intrinsic factor complex is absorbed in the terminal ileum A breakdown at any of these five steps causes deficiency which is why B12 deficiency is far more common than dietary intake alone would predict
For sponsors developing non-GLP-1 peptide programmes in oncology, rare disease, or other therapeutic areas, the competition for the same SPPS reactor capacity, the same HPLC purification infrastructure, and the same analytical characterisation capability has materially lengthened lead times and elevated costs
They do not cause weight loss or improve blood sugar levels on their own
Tanzeum did not gain much market traction
Peptides isn't just one thing
References Thomas, James N., and Victor Fung