Oral supplements (tablets or lozenges): Oral B12 must pass through the stomach and requires a protein called intrinsic factor to be absorbed
In contrast, long-acting agents appear to have a larger effect on lowering fasting glucose due to their effect to increase insulin release and inhibit glucagon release (Meier 2012)
Barrier support: In epithelial models, KPV has shown an ability to support tight junction integrity and promote mucosal repair, adding a structural dimension to its anti inflammatory profile
Endocrinology (1990) 126:2296301
References Vukojevic J, Milavic M, Perovic D, et al
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