L-carnitine is the predominant carnitine used in biological and medical fields and is commonly referred to as carnitine. The human body contains about 300 mg/kg of L-carnitine, 98% of which is intracellular, with 80% present in the muscles, 510% in the gastrointestinal tract, and 3% in the liver ( Endogenous Synthesis and Exogenous Sources In the average adult diet, it is estimated that about 75% of the daily carnitine requirement mainly comes from meat, fish, and dairy products (Figure 1) (Figure 1) ( Figure 1 The distribution and homeostasis of carnitine within the body is controlled by organic cationic transporters (OCTN) ( in vivo ( Biological Functions Transport of Long-Chain Fatty Acids Into the Mitochondrial Matrix The essential function of carnitine is to transport LCFAs from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix for subsequent degradation by -oxidation, known as carnitine shuttle ( The carnitine shuttle has three main steps
(United Kingdom, 2024) Baker, D
If sublingual bioavailability is approximately 10%, the effective weekly dose is approximately 2.1mg
Routine lab tests included Liver function tests [Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] and serum creatinine were also assessed
Exosome (Lactobacillus & Centella-derived): Microscopic vesicles rich in proteins and growth factors that deliver skin-revitalizing nutrients for firmer, glowing skin
While each study may have its own unique requirements, most follow some general eligibility guidelines