Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for musculoskeletal indications, and the evidence supporting clinical efficacy is limited
Witko-SarsatVFriedlanderMNguyen KhoaTCapeillre-BlandinCNguyenACanteloupSet alAdvanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure
Leclerc D, Wilson A, Dumas R, Gafuik C, Song D, Watkins D, Heng HHK, Rommen JM, Scherer SW, Rosenblatt DS, and Gravel RA (1998)
The implications are straightforward
For example, in tissues and cells, the free radical oxidation of linoleic acid produces racemic mixtures of 13-hydroxy-9 Z ,11 E -octadecadienoic acid, 13-hydroxy-9 E ,11 E -octadecadienoic acid, 9-hydroxy-10 E ,12- E -octadecadienoic acid (9-EE-HODE), and 11-hydroxy-9 Z ,12- Z -octadecadienoic acid as well as 4-Hydroxynonenal while singlet oxygen attacks linoleic acid to produce (presumed but not yet proven to be racemic mixtures of) 13-hydroxy-9 Z ,11 E -octadecadienoic acid, 9-hydroxy-10 E ,12- Z -octadecadienoic acid, 10-hydroxy-8 E ,12 Z -octadecadienoic acid, and 12-hydroxy-9 Z -13- E -octadecadienoic (see 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid)
Skin Health Benefits of Astaxanthin Protection Against Photoaging One of astaxanthin's most significant benefits for skin health is its remarkable ability to protect against photoaging caused by ultraviolet radiation