doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2106918 170 GaberySSalinasCGPaulsenSJAhnfelt-RnneJAlanentaloTBaqueroAFet al
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Monitor urine color as a hydration indicatorpale yellow suggests adequate hydration, while dark yellow or amber indicates the need for more fluids Increase fluid intake during episodes of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea to compensate for losses and prevent dehydration Sip water throughout the day rather than consuming large volumes at once, which may worsen nausea Consider oral rehydration solutions (available over-the-counter) if experiencing persistent diarrhea or vomiting, as these replace both fluids and electrolytes Moderate caffeine intake , as it can have mild diuretic effects, though regular caffeine consumers typically develop tolerance to this effect Patients experiencing persistent nausea may find it challenging to maintain fluid intake
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Studies in fly models of PD treated with NAM, NAD + , or through PARP mutations demonstrated increased NAD + levels, which also rescued mitochondrial function 283,284,285