what is a peptide glp 1 GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Explained for Pharmacy & Medical Students: Mechanism, Uses, and Side Effects What is GLP-1? The Hormone

Moderate age-related decline necessitates more stimulation than younger patients but most retain adequate pituitary reserve for good response

The expectation-setting conversation will look similar

"GLP-1 drugs are a breakthrough in weight management, however, the resulting calorie deficit can come with some challenges

Claim #2: Muscle Sparing

normally produced by the gut) Examples: Exenatide (Byetta) - Twice/day or weekly injection (ER version) Liraglutide (Saxenda, Victoza) - Daily injection Dulaglutide (Trulicity) - Weekly injection Semaglutide - Weekly injection (Ozempic), or daily tablet (Rybelsus) Major Advantages: Weight loss (~1.5-2.5kg) Liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide variety of adverse CV outcomes in high risk patients with T2D + atherosclerotic heart disease Contraindications: Personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer Personal history of pancreatitis Common Side Effects and Toxicities: Gl side effects (e.g

According to the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, functional B12 deficiency is most commonly seen in patients with one or more of the following: Age over 50 stomach acid production declines with age, and stomach acid is required to free B12 from food PPI or H2 blocker use reflux medications suppress the acid needed for B12 absorption Metformin use, which interferes with B12 absorption directly Vegan or vegetarian diets B12 is found almost exclusively in animal products Gut conditions including celiac, IBS, SIBO, and Crohns MTHFR mutations that affect how B12 is metabolized once absorbed Heavy alcohol use The symptoms of low B12 are easy to dismiss: fatigue, brain fog, low mood, tingling in the hands or feet, weakness, and shortness of breath on mild exertion