In the diabetes TRIUMPH-2 trial, reported side effects included: Diarrhea (around 27 to 34 percent of participants, depending on the dose) Nausea (14 to 28 percent) Constipation (14 to 17 percent) Decreased appetite (6 to 17 percent) Vomiting (6 to 16 percent) In the TRIUMPH-3 trial for adults with severe obesity and heart disease, participants reported: Diarrhea (around 24 to 30 percent of participants, depending on the dose) Nausea (22 percent) Constipation (16 to 18 percent) Decreased appetite (14 to 15 percent) Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (3 to 4 percent) The high rates of diarrhea surprised Ali
No established upper limit exists for vitamin B12 intake in the UK, as confirmed by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN)
Supplementary Tables (download ZIP Supplementary Tables 124
(PubMed) Bartels GL, Remme WJ, Pillay M, Schonfeld DH, Kruijssen DA
When activated by peripheral infection, systemic inflammation, or oxidative stress, microglia release a barrage of inflammatory cytokines that disrupt neuronal communication and damage brain tissue
While there are case reports that claim GLP-1RA therapy caused or led to progression of pancreatic cystic disease, the claims for causality are not well supported 54,55