Typical leave-on skincare usage lands around 1-10%
This metabolic shift occurs due to the peptides action on the nicotinamide methylation pathway , which increases intracellular NAD+ availability, facilitating greater oxidative metabolism
It is found in virtually every cell of the body and plays a critical role in protein synthesis, synthesis and repair of DNA, enzyme function, transport, and cell maturation
I use it as a moistening mouth spray
For example, BPC 157 has been shown to upregulate the expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) , which is essential for angiogenesis
In a landmark human trial comparing topical GHK-Cu to vitamin C and retinoic acid (tretinoin), GHK-Cu produced measurable collagen increases in 70% of study volunteers outperforming both comparator treatments (Abdulghani et al., 1998)