Abbreviations 2-HG: 2-Hydroxyglutarate -KG: -Ketoglutarate -SMH: -Smooth muscle actin ACLY: ATP citrate lyase ADT: Androgen deprivation therapy ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase AMPK: 5-AMP-activated kinase AML: Acute myeloid leukemia AR: Androgen Receptor ARG: Arginase BPH: Bening prostatic hyperplasia CAF: Cancer-asssociated fibroblast CAIX: Carbonic anhydrase IX Cat2: Cationic amino acid transporter 2 CMP: CpG Methylator Phenotype CPT1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase CSC: Cancer stem cell circRNA: Circular RNA CRPC: Castration-resistant prostate cancer ECM: Extracellular matrix EMT: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ERG: ETS-related gene ESC: Embryonic stem cell ETC: Electron transport chain EV: Extracellular vesicle FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAO: Fatty acid oxidation FASN: Fatty acid synthase FH: Fumarate hydratase GABA: -Aminobutyric acid GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase GLS-1: Glutaminase 1 G-MDSC: Granulocytic MDSC GPNA: L--Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide HIF: Hypoxia inducible factor IDH: Isocitrate dehydrogenase IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-8: Interleukin-8 iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell KDM: Histone lysine demethylase LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase LSH: Lymphoid-specific helicase mCRPC: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer MCT: Monocarboxylate transporter MDH: Malate dehydrogenase MDSC: Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell MET: Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition M-MDSC: Monocytic MDSC MPC: Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier MutIDH1/2: Mutated form of the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase NF-kB: Nuclear factor kB NK: Natural killer NPC: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PARP: Poly-ADP ribose polymerase PC: Prostate cancer PCSC: Prostate cancer stem cell PGC1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator 1 PHGDH: Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PIN: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia PKM2: Pyruvate kinase M2 PPP: Pentose phosphate pathway PSA: Prostate specific antigen ROS: Reactive oxygen species SIRT: Sirtuin SOD: Superoxide dismutase SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase TAM: Tumor-associated macrophages TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase TET: Ten eleven translocaion-enzyme TGF: Transforming growth factor TME: Tumor microenvironment VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor Wnt3: Wnt family member 3 References Ittmann M
Studies show that most patients stop using GLP-1 medications within two years due to financial challenges, side effects or lack of adequate medical guidance
Probiotics: Get your daily dose of good bacteria with kimchi, sauerkraut, and kefir
The explosive demand for GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists, driven by their efficacy in treating obesity, has outpaced supply and created a dynamic market landscape
Sterile water for injection contains no preservative and must be discarded immediately after a single use to prevent contamination
To better understand prescribing trends, the researchers analyzed records from the Epic Cosmos database, which includes more than 300 million patient records from over 1,800 hospitals and 41,500 clinics across all 50 states and Washington, D.C
