[36] Vitamin B 12 deficiency is most commonly caused by malabsorption, but can also result from low intake, immune gastritis, low presence of binding proteins, or use of certain medications
Stanford, J
~ AlphaMD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme that plays a key role in cellular energy production, DNA repair, and overall metabolic function
Until further investigations are done on liver stores and humans where this process is broken we can only go on our symptoms and what works for each individual to relieve these symptoms and to heal as much as possible

Proposed explanations include: Tissue retention of peptide or active metabolites Persistent activation of signaling cascades beyond peptide clearance Potential for active metabolites with prolonged tissue residence Excretion Pathways Limited data on elimination routes indicates: Likely renal excretion of peptide fragments based on molecular weight and water solubility Potential hepatic contribution to metabolite clearance No evidence of accumulation in chronic dosing studies in rats and monkeys Degradation products eliminated without evidence of toxic metabolite formation The dramatic disconnect between three-minute plasma half-life and prolonged metabolic effects remains one of the most intriguing and poorly understood aspects of AOD-9604 pharmacology, requiring further mechanistic investigation

BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis through interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the nitric oxide system, effectively building new supply lines to deliver oxygen and nutrients to damaged areas