It is used to treat fluid retention (edema) in people with congestive heart failure, liver disease, or a kidney disorder such as nephritic syndrome
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Data reveal that early non-responders receiving phentermine achieved 5.9% weight loss compared to just 2.8% with placebo after 24 weeks, with over half reaching the clinically meaningful threshold of 5% weight reduction
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HFpEF was initially considered a disorder mainly characterised by diastolic dysfunction secondary to hypertension, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy with a relatively small and stiff ventricle, ultimately progressing to overt HF.25, 26) Over time, however, the understanding of the clinical phenotype of HFpEF has evolved from being considered an isolated hypertensive heart disease in older adults to a more complex condition contributing to define the cardio-renal metabolic disease, as characterised by the interplay of multiple comorbidities.27, 28) This shift has broadened the understanding of HFpEF to a multifactorial syndrome involving systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, altered myocardial energetics, and abnormalities in skeletal muscle (Figure 1).29) Figure 1 Pathophysiological mechanisms in HFpEF and therapeutic targets
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