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Consequently, changes in protein conformation following modification typically result in the loss of protein function ( Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, with studies demonstrating elevated levels of PC in dry skin and AD skin lesions ( 3.3 Lipid peroxidation products 3.3.1 Malondialdehyde Lipids are the most impacted biomolecules in oxidative stress-induced damage, and the identification of these end-products in inflammatory diseases suggest that lipid peroxidation is crucial in such diseases (Figure 3) ( FIGURE 3 Malondialdehyde is produced in vivo through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation, making it a widely monitored biomarker for oxidative stress across various diseases and particularly favored for characterizing oxidative stress in AD patients ( 3.3.2 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is a lipid peroxide produced by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in response to oxidative stress (Figure 3)

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