The results were striking: Genes upregulated by GHK-Cu include: Collagen I, III, and VII synthesis genes (structural repair) Decorin and proteoglycan genes (extracellular matrix integrity) Antioxidant defense genes (SOD2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) BDNF and nerve growth factor genes (neural repair and neuroprotection) Anti-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-10, TGF-1) Angiogenesis genes (VEGF, angiopoietin new blood vessel formation) Stem cell self-renewal pathways Genes downregulated by GHK-Cu include: Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-1) Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3 (enzymes that degrade collagen and connective tissue) Oxidative stress genes Pathways associated with cancer progression and metastasis The pro-inflammatory gene suppression is particularly notable
It reduces methylationdriven consumption of NAM, increases substrate availability for NAD+ synthesis, and promotes NAD+ biosynthesis to elevate intracellular NAD+ levels
Neuropeptide GHK-Cu: The Copper Peptide That May Influence Healing, Regeneration, Aging, and Brain Health What Is GHK-Cu
But different products have different amounts
Combination approaches may prove optimal for many individuals
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