Mechanistic studies reveal that acetyl-L-carnitine enhances cholinergic neurotransmission by increasing acetylcholine synthesis and release, upregulates nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, improves mitochondrial membrane potential and respiratory function in neurons, reduces oxidative damage to neural lipids and proteins, and modulates synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter receptor function
Deveci S, Palese M, Parker M, Guhring P, Mulhall JP
Glutathione: The Mother of All Antioxidants
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Expert Opin Drug Discovery (2014) 9:122351
Glutathione (GSH) is an important endogenous antioxidant found in millimolar concentrations in the brain