Proof comes from animal studies, as well as preliminary human trials with inconsistent outcomes and doses
Vukojevic et al., 2020) or existing vessel obstruction (Sikiric et al., 2014
Studies indicate the peptide's small molecular weight (molecular formula C14H22N4O9) allows it to penetrate cell membranes and access nuclear compartments where it influences gene expression
That said, the gene expression data involving hundreds of neuronal genes suggests this could become a significant application area as human studies catch up
Scalabrino G, Veber D, Tredici G (2014) Relationships between cobalamin, epidermal growth factor, and normal prions in the myelin maintenance of central nervous system
Oral capsules and liquids must fight their way through stomach acids and liver enzymes, resulting in a microscopic absorption rate of only 1% to 10%