AMPK is a key factor in energy regulation
Another study found increased osteoclast activity when human bone marrow cells were exposed to ROS, while treatment with antioxidants reduced osteoclast proliferation and differentiation [21]
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This could be explained by the antioxidant and safeguarding characteristics of spirulina, which has an abundance of antioxidant substances such as -carotene, C -phycocyanin, proteins, lipids, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins
A 2025 review by Araj and colleagues in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences described its geroprotective, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, while calling for more validation
Understanding Glutathione and Its Importance Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamine, and glycine